摘要 :
Fe-TiO_2 photocatalyst was prepared by Sol-gel method using tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC_4H_9)_4] as the titanium precursor. The relative p-n junction composite Fe-TiO_2/TiO_2 samples were prepared by ball milling method. The struct...
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Fe-TiO_2 photocatalyst was prepared by Sol-gel method using tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC_4H_9)_4] as the titanium precursor. The relative p-n junction composite Fe-TiO_2/TiO_2 samples were prepared by ball milling method. The structure and properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, DRS, XPS and PL emission spectra. The results show that doping Fe~(3+) into TiO_2 is more beneficial to improve the photocatalytic reduction activity of the sample compared with the photooxidation activity. The optimum doping amount is 0.05% (Fe/Ti molar ratio) for the Fe-TiC>2 photocatalyst. After coupled between Fe-TiO_2 and TiO_2, both the photooxidation and photoreduction activities of the sample are enhanced. It is proposed that as the formation of relative p-n junction between the Fe-TiO_2 and TiO_2, the photo-excited holes and electrons are separated effectively, and the photocatalytic activity is enhanced.
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A class of hybrid uncertain system and its uncertainty boundary are put forward in respect to nonlinearity and uncertainty of power systems with STATCOM (static synchronous compensator). The design method of robust H, controller f...
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A class of hybrid uncertain system and its uncertainty boundary are put forward in respect to nonlinearity and uncertainty of power systems with STATCOM (static synchronous compensator). The design method of robust H, controller for the system is given and applied to four-node multi,machine power system with STATCOM. Decentralized robust controller for STATCOM and excitation of generators is designed. The simulation results verify effectiveness of the controller.
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摘要 :
Fe-TiO_2 photocatalyst was prepared by Sol-gel method using tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC_4H_9)_4] as the titanium precursor. The relative p-n junction composite Fe-TiO_2/TiO_2 samples were prepared by ball milling method. The struct...
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Fe-TiO_2 photocatalyst was prepared by Sol-gel method using tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC_4H_9)_4] as the titanium precursor. The relative p-n junction composite Fe-TiO_2/TiO_2 samples were prepared by ball milling method. The structure and properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, DRS, XPS and PL emission spectra. The results show that doping Fe~(3+) into TiO_2 is more beneficial to improve the photocatalytic reduction activity of the sample compared with the photooxidation activity. The optimum doping amount is 0.05% (Fe/Ti molar ratio) for the Fe-TiO_2 photocatalyst. After coupled between Fe-TiO_2 and TiO_2> both the photooxidation and photoreduction activities of the sample are enhanced. It is proposed that as the formation of relative p-n junction between the Fe-TiO_2 and TiO_2, the photo-excited holes and electrons are separated effectively, and the photocatalytic activity is enhanced.
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Miscible flooding with carbon dioxide is considered one of the most effec-tive enhanced oil recovery processes applicable to light to medium oil reservoirs, which also can solve the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to ...
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Miscible flooding with carbon dioxide is considered one of the most effec-tive enhanced oil recovery processes applicable to light to medium oil reservoirs, which also can solve the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to some degree [1-3].The objective of this paper is to investigate the mechanism of CO_2 miscible flooding in the Caoshe Oil Filed, which is the first fault-block sand oil reservoir to perform CO_2 miscible flooding in China. A labo-ratory study including PVT tests, CO_2 injection Swelling test and slim tube test were conducted. Based on the experiment results, a simulation study using an equation-of-state (EOS) compositional model includ-ing one-dimension and two-dimension profiles of injector-production well group were performed to evaluate the miscible mechanism of the CO_2 flood pilot project in Caoshe oil field. The slim-tube simulation study was presented to examine the change of property of fluid includ-ing composition, viscosity, and density of oil phase and vapor phase and interfacial tension between oil and gas along the grids during the CO_2 injecting process. Also, the effect of gas amount and injected pres-sure on the fluid property was evaluated. The two dimensional profile model was presented to examine the change of CO_2 content dissolved in formation oil and oil viscosity of the miscible bank along the distance from the injector to producer.
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Caoshe oil field is a complex fault-block oil field composed of several small fault blocks. The Taizhou Formation of lower Paleocene is the main reservoir. The lithology is fine lithiarenite with weak diagenesis because of the sha...
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Caoshe oil field is a complex fault-block oil field composed of several small fault blocks. The Taizhou Formation of lower Paleocene is the main reservoir. The lithology is fine lithiarenite with weak diagenesis because of the shallow burial depth. The porosity of reservoir sand-stone ranges from 6.30 to 21.86%, 13.21% on average. The permeability of reservoir sandstone ranges from 0.22 to 342.40 x 10~(-3)μm~2, 24.77 x 10~(-3) pmt on average. The reservoir is of heterogeneity which is caused by the development of fractures formed with faults movements. In order to increase the oil recovery, CO_2 injection was used in 2003, but the result was not as good as it was prospected due well-developed frac-tures in reservoir sandstone. The method of CO_2 foam flooding has been chosen as one of the major adjustments steps to enhance the oil production and recovery.The main advantage of CO_2 foam flooding is its effectiveness to the heterogeneous sandstone reservoir, but its instability is obviously the weakness. The key technique is how to find or select a suitable foam-ing agent with good properties for carbon-dioxide foam flooding in fractured sandstone reservoir. Based on the characteristics of Caoshe oil field and comparison experiments of different surfactants, the sur-factant YFP-2 was eventually selected. An experimental test shows that the quality and stability of foaming agent are satisfied for practices. Applicability of produced-water re-injection and the characteristics of plugging efficiency have been tested as well in the laboratory. All the results prove that the practicability of the surfactant YFP-2 is avail-able to adjust the extent of gas break-through in reservoir sandstone of Taizhou Formation.
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A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1 percent of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH_3 centre dot H_2O-(NH_4)_2SO_4 syst...
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A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1 percent of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH_3 centre dot H_2O-(NH_4)_2SO_4 system under the best leaching conditions: ratio of liquid to solid(l:s)=2.5, c(NH_3):c(NH_4~+)=3:5, total concentration of ammonium and ammonia=8 mol centre dot L~(-1), leaching time= 1.5h, temperature=35 deg C. The most troublesome impurity of lead could be deposited from the leached out solution automatically after put it static more than 15h when the total concentration of zinc and cadmium was up to 45g centre dot L~(-1) , and the final concentration of lead was 0.0047 g centre doy L~(-1), which meant 99 percent of it was removed. Metallic cadmium which contained cadmium more than 99 percent was prepared by electrowinning under the conditions: current density=750A centre dot m~(-2), total concentration of Cd~(2+) and Zn~(2+) >25g centre dot L~(-1). The current efficiency was about 87 percent and the energy consumption for every ton of cadmium was about 548KW centre dot h centre t~(-1). Main impurities of the metallic cadmium were copper and zinc and all of they could be got rid of in the following pyrometallurgical refining step.
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摘要 :
A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1% of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH_3·H_2O-(NH_4)_2SO_4 system under the best...
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A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1% of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH_3·H_2O-(NH_4)_2SO_4 system under the best leaching conditions: ratio of liquid to solid(l:s)=2.5, c(NH_3):c(NH_4)=3:5, total concentration of ammonium and ammonia=8 mol·L~(-1), leaching time= 1.5h, temperature=35℃. The most troublesome impurity of lead could be deposited from the leached out solution automatically after put it static more than 15h when the total concentration of zinc and cadmium was up to 45g·L~(-1), and the final concentration of lead was 0.0047 g·L~(-1), which meant 99% of it was removed. Metallic cadmium which contained cadmium more than 99% was prepared by electrowinning under the conditions: current density=750A·m~(-2), total concentration of Cd~(2+) and Zn~(2+) > 25g·-L~(-1). The current efficiency was about 87% and the energy consumption for every ton of cadmium was about 548KW·h·t~(-1). Main impurities of the metallic cadmium were copper and zinc and all of they could be got rid of in the following pyrometallurgical refining step.
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摘要 :
A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1% of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH{sub}3·H{sub}2O-(NH{sub}4){sub}2SO{sub}4 s...
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A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1% of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH{sub}3·H{sub}2O-(NH{sub}4){sub}2SO{sub}4 system under the best leaching conditions: ratio of liquid to solid(l:s)=2.5, c(NH{sub}3):c((NH{sub}4){sup}+)=3:5, total concentration of ammonium and ammonia=8 mol·L{sup}(-1), leaching time= 1.5h, temperature=35℃. The most troublesome impurity of lead could be deposited from the leached out solution automatically after put it static more than 15h when the total concentration of zinc and cadmium was up to 45g·L{sup}(-1) , and the final concentration of lead was 0.0047 g·L{sup}(-1), which meant 99% of it was removed. Metallic cadmium which contained cadmium more than 99% was prepared by electrowinning under the conditions: current density=750A·m{sup}(-2), total concentration of Cd{sup}(2+) and Zn{sup}(2+)＞25g·L{sup}(-1). The current efficiency was about 87% and the energy consumption for every ton of cadmium was about 548KW·h·t{sup}(-1). Main impurities of the metallic cadmium were copper and zinc and all of they could be got rid of in the following pyrometallurgical refining step.
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摘要 :
A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1% of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH_3·H_2O-(NH_4)_2SO_4 system under the best...
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A new process for extracting cadmium from the electric precipitated dust produced by ISP process was studied. A leaching rate of 89.1% of cadmium was attained by leaching the dust with NH_3·H_2O-(NH_4)_2SO_4 system under the best leaching conditions: ratio of liquid to solid(l:s)=2.5, c(NH_3):c(NH_4)=3:5, total concentration of ammonium and ammonia=8 mol·L~(-1),
leaching time= 1.5h, temperature=35℃. The most troublesome impurity of lead could be deposited from the leached out solution automatically after put it static more than 15h when the total concentration of zinc and cadmium was up to 45g·L~(-1), and the final concentration of lead
was 0.0047 g·L~(-1), which meant 99% of it was removed. Metallic cadmium which contained cadmium more than 99% was prepared by electrowinning under the conditions: current density=750A·m~(-2), total concentration of Cd~(2+) and Zn~(2+) > 25g·-L~(-1). The current efficiency was
about 87% and the energy consumption for every ton of cadmium was about 548KW·h·t~(-1). Main impurities of the metallic cadmium were copper and zinc and all of they could be got rid of in the following pyrometallurgical refining step.
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Today, prototypes of nonlinear endomicroscopes are appearing in order to transfer technics of multiphoton characterization of biological samples to humans in vivo in situ. But they require several optical optimizations to be adapt...
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Today, prototypes of nonlinear endomicroscopes are appearing in order to transfer technics of multiphoton characterization of biological samples to humans in vivo in situ. But they require several optical optimizations to be adapted for a clinical use. Among them, the ideal distal lens, coupled with the ideal scanning system is not yet highlighted. In this paper, we are using a gradient index (GRIN) lens coupled with a piezoelectric scanning system (PZT). The main part is dedicated to a spectral analysis in the context of fluorescence lifetime measurements (FLIM), a well-known technic used to complete multiphoton characterization and discriminate healthy and tumors cells. We spectrally highlight the presence of a background fluorescence perturbing the spectral measurement through the GRIN lens in specific conditions of image space working distance. In a second part, we evaluate the resolution available with the GRIN lens and numerically determine the optimal object working distance depending on the position of the fiber imposed by the PZT.
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